Containerization and orchestration of full-stack applications are becoming essential skills for developers and DevOps engineers. This step-by-step guide will take you through the process of creating a full-stack application, containerizing it using Docker, and deploying it to a Kubernetes cluster.
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1. Prerequisites
Before you begin, make sure you have the following tools installed:
Docker : For containerizing the application.js and npm : For installing dependencies and building the frontend and backend applications.Minikube : A local Kubernetes cluster for testing Kubernetes deployments.You can install Node.js and npm from the js official website . To verify, run the following commands:
2. Project Structure
The project will have the following directory structure:
Explanation of the Project Structure:
backend/ : Contains the backend server code (Node.js).frontend/ : Contains the frontend code (React.js).k8s/ : Contains the Kubernetes configuration files for deploying both the backend and frontend.
3. Creating the Backend
Create a simple Node.js server in the backend/ folder:
Step 1: Create backend/package.json
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{
"name" : "backend" ,
"version" : "1.0.0" ,
"main" : "index.js" ,
"scripts" : {
"start" : "node index.js"
} ,
"dependencies" : {
"express" : "^4.17.1"
}
}
Step 2: Create backend/index.js
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const express = require ( 'express' ) ;
const app = express ( ) ;
const PORT = 5000 ;
app . get ( '/' , ( req , res ) =& gt ; {
res . send ( 'Hello from the Backend!' ) ;
} ) ;
app . listen ( PORT , ( ) =& gt ; {
console . log ( ` Server is running on port $ { PORT } ` ) ;
} ) ;
Step 3: Install Dependencies Navigate to the backend/ directory and run:
4. Creating the Frontend
Create a simple React.js application in the frontend/ folder:
Step 1: Create frontend/src/App.js
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import React from 'react' ;
function App ( ) {
return (
& lt ; div & gt ;
& lt ; h1 & gt ; Hello , React ! & lt ; / h1 & gt ;
& lt ; p & gt ; This is a basic React application running in a Docker container . & lt ; / p & gt ;
& lt ; / div & gt ;
) ;
}
export default App ;
Navigate to the frontend/ directory and run
Step 2: Create frontend/src/index.js
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import React from 'react' ;
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom/client' ;
import App from './App' ;
const root = ReactDOM . createRoot ( document . getElementById ( 'root' ) ) ;
root . render (
& lt ; React . StrictMode & gt ;
& lt ; App / & gt ;
& lt ; / React . StrictMode & gt ;
) ;
Step 3: Create frontend/public/index.html
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& lt ; ! DOCTYPE html & gt ;
& lt ; html lang = "en" & gt ;
& lt ; head & gt ;
& lt ; meta charset = "UTF-8" & gt ;
& lt ; meta name = "viewport" content = "width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" & gt ;
& lt ; title & gt ; My React App & lt ; / title & gt ;
& lt ; / head & gt ;
& lt ; body & gt ;
& lt ; div id = "root" & gt ; & lt ; / div & gt ;
& lt ; / body & gt ;
& lt ; / html & gt ;
Step 4: Create frontend/package.json
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{
"name" : "my-react-app" ,
"version" : "1.0.0" ,
"private" : true ,
"dependencies" : {
"react" : "^18.2.0" ,
"react-dom" : "^18.2.0" ,
"react-scripts" : "5.0.1"
} ,
"scripts" : {
"start" : "react-scripts start" ,
"build" : "react-scripts build" ,
"test" : "react-scripts test" ,
"eject" : "react-scripts eject"
} ,
"eslintConfig" : {
"extends" : [
"react-app" ,
"react-app/jest"
]
} ,
"browserslist" : {
"production" : [
">0.2%" ,
"not dead" ,
"not op_mini all"
] ,
"development" : [
"last 1 chrome version" ,
"last 1 firefox version" ,
"last 1 safari version"
]
}
}
Step 5: Install Dependencies Navigate to the frontend/ directory and run:
5. Writing Dockerfiles for Backend and Frontend
Create Dockerfile for each of the backend and frontend services.
Backend Dockerfile ( backend/Dockerfile )
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# Use the official Node.js image as a base
FROM node : 14
# Set the working directory inside the container
WORKDIR / app
# Copy package.json and install dependencies
COPY package . json . /
RUN npm install
# Copy the rest of the application code
COPY . .
# Expose the port the backend listens on
EXPOSE 5000
# Start the backend server
CMD [ "node" , "index.js" ]
Frontend Dockerfile (frontend/Dockerfile)
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# Stage 1: Build Stage
FROM node : 14 - alpine AS builder
WORKDIR / app
COPY package . json . /
RUN npm install
COPY . .
RUN npm run build
# Stage 2: Serve with Nginx
FROM nginx : alpine
COPY -- from = builder / app / build / usr / share / nginx / html
EXPOSE 80
6. Building and Running the Application Locally
Step 1: Build Docker Images Navigate to the root of the project and run the following commands:
docker build - t & lt ; dockerhub - username & gt ; backend : latest . / backend
docker build - t & lt ; dockerhub - username & gt ; frontend : latest . / frontend
Step 2: Push the images to DockerHub Log in to DockerHub.
In the browser authenticate using dockerhub credentials.
Push the images to DockerHub.
docker push & lt ; dockerhub - username & gt ; backend : latest
docker push & lt ; dockerhub - username & gt ; frontend : latest
7. Creating Kubernetes Deployment and Service YAMLs
Create Kubernetes configuration files for both backend and frontend services.
Backend Deployment ( k8s/backend-deployment.yaml )
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apiVersion : apps / v1
kind : Deployment
metadata :
name : backend - deployment
spec :
replicas : 2
selector :
matchLabels :
app : backend
template :
metadata :
labels :
app : backend
spec :
containers :
- name : backend
image : & lt ; dockerhub - username & gt ; backend : latest
ports :
- containerPort : 5000
Backend Service (k8s/backend-service.yaml)
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apiVersion : v1
kind : Service
metadata :
name : backend - service
spec :
selector :
app : backend
ports :
- protocol : TCP
port : 5000
targetPort : 5000
type : ClusterIP
Frontend Deployment (k8s/frontend-deployment.yaml)
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apiVersion : apps / v1
kind : Deployment
metadata :
name : frontend - deployment
spec :
replicas : 2
selector :
matchLabels :
app : frontend
template :
metadata :
labels :
app : frontend
spec :
containers :
- name : frontend
image : & lt ; dockerhub - username & gt ; frontend : latest
ports :
- containerPort : 80
Frontend Service (k8s/frontend-service.yaml)
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apiVersion : v1
kind : Service
metadata :
name : frontend - service
spec :
selector :
app : frontend
ports :
- protocol : TCP
port : 80
targetPort : 80
type : ClusterIP
8. Deploying to Kubernetes
Step 1: Start Minikube Step 2: Deploy the Application to Kubernetes Apply the Kubernetes configuration files:
kubectl apply - f k8s / backend - deployment . yaml
kubectl apply - f k8s / backend - service . yaml
kubectl apply - f k8s / frontend - deployment . yaml
kubectl apply - f k8s / frontend - service . yaml
Step 3: Access the Application Get the Minikube service URL:
minikube service frontend - service
Conclusion
By following these steps, you have successfully created a full-stack application, containerized it using Docker, and deployed it to a Kubernetes cluster. You’ve also learned various optimization techniques for Docker images. With these skills, you can now deploy complex applications more efficiently using Docker and Kubernetes.
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November 7, 2024
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